Read the passage below and answer questions 1-13.
Reading 1
The journey of renewable energy technologies has been transformative, reshaping how we harness power from nature to meet the demands of modern civilization. This evolution reflects humanity’s increasing concern for sustainability and environmental preservation, as well as the necessity to find alternatives to finite and polluting fossil fuels.
The history of using renewable resources dates back thousands of years, with early civilizations recognizing the power of natural elements. Ancient Egyptians harnessed wind power to sail ships on the Nile as early as 5000 BCE, and by 200 BCE, simple windmills in Persia were being used to grind grain. These early uses of renewable resources set the stage for more sophisticated technologies.
The modern era of renewable energy began more distinctly in the late 19th century. In 1879, the invention of the first hydroelectric power generator by William Armstrong, an English engineer, marked a significant milestone. His creation, which used water to generate electricity, was a precursor to the first hydroelectric power plant built on the Fox River in Wisconsin, USA, in 1882. This plant was revolutionary, proving that large-scale electric power could be generated and distributed to a wider area, sparking interest worldwide in exploiting water power.
Despite these early advances, the widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies was slow, largely due to the abundant availability and low cost of coal and oil. It wasn’t until the oil crises of the 1970s that a renewed interest in renewable energy emerged. The crises highlighted the dangers of over-reliance on fossil fuels, prompting governments and scientists to look more seriously at alternatives.
Solar energy technology, in particular, saw significant advancements during the 20th century. The development of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 at Bell Laboratories in the United States marked the beginning of modern solar power. These cells could convert sunlight directly into electricity, offering a new way to harness the abundant energy of the sun. Since then, solar technology has grown exponentially in efficiency and dropped significantly in price, leading to its current status as one of the fastest-growing energy sources worldwide.
Wind energy has also made considerable progress. The first electricity-generating wind turbine, created by Charles Brush in 1888, was a large, 17-meter high structure with a 17-meter rotor diameter, capable of producing up to 12 kW of power. Today, modern wind turbines stand as high as 200 meters and can generate up to 8 MW of power, showcasing remarkable advancements in design and efficiency.
As we move into the 21st century, the focus on renewable energy continues to intensify, driven by the urgent need to address climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Innovations in renewable technologies are rapidly advancing, with ongoing research into improving efficiency and reducing costs. Newer forms of renewable energy, such as tidal and geothermal power, are being developed and implemented, while traditional forms like hydro, solar, and wind are being optimized for maximum output and minimal environmental impact.
The evolution of renewable energy technologies is not just a testament to human ingenuity and the quest for sustainability; it is a crucial part of our global response to the environmental challenges we face today. As these technologies continue to evolve and become more integrated into our energy systems, they offer hope for a cleaner, more sustainable future.
Questions 1-5
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in the boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
The Evolution of Renewable Energy Technologies
1. The first hydroelectric power plant in the United States was located along the ________ River.
2. Windmills in ancient Persia were primarily used for ________.
3. The English engineer responsible for pioneering hydroelectric power generation was named William ________.
4. The type of cell developed in 1954 that initiated modern solar power is called a ________ cell.
5. The height of contemporary wind turbines can reach up to 200 ________.
Questions 6-13
Read the statement below and write:
– TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
– FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
– NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. The transition to renewable energy was accelerated by the 1970s oil crises.
7. Hydroelectric power was the first form of renewable energy to be used on a large scale for electricity generation.
8. The initial hydroelectric generator created by William Armstrong was capable of powering a small town.
9. Advancements in wind turbine technology have allowed for a tenfold increase in power output since their inception.
10. The Egyptians utilized wind for purposes beyond agricultural needs.
11. The cost of renewable energy technologies has been a secondary factor to environmental concerns throughout their development.
12. Research into improving the efficiency of tidal energy is outpacing that of solar energy.
13. The first solar panels were installed on residential rooftops shortly after their invention.
Read the passage below and answer questions 14-26.
Reading 2
A. Globalization is the process through which businesses, technologies, and philosophies are spread around the globe, enhancing interactions and integration among diverse cultures and societies. Although this process can lead to economic growth and technological improvements, it also has significant impacts on local cultures. These effects may range from minor alterations in cultural practices to major transformations in societal structures.
B. The global economic system, a key driver of globalization, integrates local economies into international markets, potentially leading to wealth increase and access to new products and technologies. However, this integration often forces local businesses and cultural practices to adapt to global market demands. Artisans and craftsmen, for example, might modify their traditional crafts to make them more commercially viable, which can change the cultural significance and techniques of their art.
C. Cultural homogenization is a major concern linked with globalization. As global brands and Western ideals become ubiquitous, they can overshadow or replace unique local traditions, leading to a dilution of individual cultural identities and a loss of diversity. Predominant cultures’ fast food chains, entertainment, and fashion can become the norm, often at the cost of local customs and industries.
D. Globalization enhances communication across different regions, often elevating the role of English and other major languages in international business and media. This development can be beneficial for global communication but also threatens local languages. Many minority languages are declining as younger generations prefer globally dominant languages, potentially leading to language extinction.
E. There is often a revival of interest in preserving local cultures as a response to the forces of globalization. Movements focusing on teaching traditional languages, customs, and crafts to younger generations have emerged, maintaining cultural diversity and acting as a form of resistance against the homogenizing effects of globalization.
F. Technology, a contributor to cultural homogenization, also offers tools for cultural preservation. The internet and digital media enable the recording, teaching, and dissemination of cultural practices like never before. Online platforms allow individuals to explore and participate in cultural traditions not immediately local to them, and social media campaigns can raise awareness and foster interest in preserving unique cultural aspects.
G. As globalization influences identity and social cohesion, societies must navigate the complex balance between embracing global connectivity and preserving cultural heritage. This balance is crucial for maintaining the richness of global diversity while fostering a shared sense of humanity and interconnectedness.
Certainly! Let’s create six questions that fit the reading passage “The Impact of Globalization on Local Cultures,” corresponding to sections A-G. The questions will prompt identifying which section contains specific information, similarly styled to the example you’ve shown.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. Explanation of how globalization promotes integration and interaction between different cultures.
15. Discussion on how local economies are integrated into the global market and its effects on local businesses.
16. Description of the negative impact of cultural homogenization and the dominance of Western culture.
17. Concerns over the decline of minority languages due to the dominance of major global languages.
18. Revival movements aimed at preserving traditional languages, customs, and crafts.
19. Use of digital media and the internet in the preservation and dissemination of cultural practices.
Questions 20-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.
Globalization has accelerated the spread of businesses and philosophies worldwide, leading to 20 _____________________ between various cultures. This process, while boosting economies, also compels local customs to adapt, often resulting in the 21 _____________________ of artisan crafts to meet global market needs.
The widespread influence of dominant cultures through globalization raises concerns about 22 _____________________, which threatens the existence of unique local identities. This phenomenon is often exemplified by the spread of 23 _____________________, which can undermine indigenous customs and industries.
Moreover, the advancement of global communication networks has boosted the prominence of major languages, potentially leading to the 24 _____________________ of less spoken languages. In response to these challenges, there has been a notable increase in movements aimed at 25 _____________________ involving traditional practices.
Despite the risks of cultural dilution, technology offers a paradoxical benefit by providing tools for the 26 _____________________ of cultural knowledge and traditions, leveraging digital platforms to reach a global audience and preserve cultural diversity.
Read the passage below and answer questions 27-40.
Reading 3
A.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of work across various industries. From automation to augmentation, AI’s capabilities are enhancing efficiency and enabling new forms of collaboration. This shift is not just reshaping tasks and jobs but is also setting the stage for profound changes in how workplaces function.
B.
One of the most significant impacts of AI is its ability to automate routine and repetitive tasks. In sectors like manufacturing, AI-driven robots perform assembly line tasks with precision and without fatigue. Similarly, in the administrative domain, AI algorithms process invoices and manage data entry, freeing human employees for more complex duties.
C.
AI’s role extends beyond automation into decision-making support. By analyzing large volumes of data, AI systems can identify patterns and insights that are not immediately obvious to human analysts. In fields such as finance and healthcare, this capability allows for more informed decision-making, potentially leading to better outcomes and efficiency.
D.
As traditional roles are automated, AI is also creating new job categories. Roles such as AI trainers, who teach AI systems to perform specific tasks, and AI safety engineers, who ensure AI systems operate as intended without unintended consequences, are emerging. These roles highlight the shift toward a symbiotic relationship between human workers and AI technologies.
E.
The integration of AI into the workforce is leading to changes in the employment landscape. While AI may render some jobs obsolete, it also demands a new set of skills from the workforce. Skills in programming, machine learning, and data analysis are becoming increasingly valuable, highlighting the need for continuous learning and adaptation.
F.
The rise of AI introduces several ethical considerations, particularly concerning workforce displacement. As AI takes over more jobs, there is growing concern about job losses and the socioeconomic impact on workers who may find it challenging to transition to new roles. Ensuring a fair transition for these workers is a critical challenge for policymakers.
G.
AI is not only changing the nature of jobs but also how we collaborate in the workplace. AI-powered tools enhance communication and project management, enabling teams to work together more effectively, even when they are geographically dispersed. This can lead to more dynamic and flexible work environments.
H.
As AI continues to evolve, businesses and workers alike must navigate the challenges and opportunities it presents. Embracing AI requires a proactive approach to education and training, a rethinking of job roles, and a robust discussion about the ethical dimensions of AI in work. Ultimately, the goal is to harness AI’s potential while mitigating its risks to create a more efficient and inclusive future workplace.
Questions 27-32
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27: According to the text, what significant impact does AI have in the workplace?
A) Enhancing the security of workplace data
B) Automating routine and repetitive tasks
C) Increasing overall employment rates
D) Facilitating remote work practices
28: Which area benefits from AI through enhanced decision-making capabilities?
A) Operational logistics
B) Financial analytics
C) Customer service
D) Product development
29: What emerging job role is directly associated with the development of AI technology?
A) AI trainers
B) Technical support specialists
C) Data protection officers
D) Organizational change managers
30: Which ethical issue is highlighted concerning AI’s integration into the workforce?
A) Ensuring data transparency
B) Managing workforce displacement
C) Preventing overreliance on technology
D) Protecting intellectual property
31: How does AI specifically improve collaboration within the workplace?
A) By providing real-time analytics
B) By enabling automated task management
C) By enhancing communication and project management
D) By streamlining decision-making processes
32: What is a major challenge that businesses must navigate with the rise of AI?
A) Integrating traditional and digital marketing strategies
B) Balancing AI potential with ethical considerations
C) Coordinating global teams in different time zones
D) Maintaining high levels of customer engagement
Choose the correct heading for sections A-H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings:
i. Getting the finance for production
ii. An unexpected benefit
iii. From initial inspiration to new product
iv. The range of potential customers for the device
v. What makes the device different from alternatives
vi. Cleaning water from a range of sources
vii. Overcoming production difficulties
viii. Profit not the primary goal
ix. A warm welcome for the device
x. The number of people affected by water shortages
Question 33: Section A
Question 34: Section B
Question 35: Section C
Question 36: Section D
Question 37: Section E
Question 38: Section F
Question 39: Section G
Question 40: Section H
1. Fox
2. grinding
3. Armstrong
4. photovoltaic
5. meters
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. NOT GIVEN
9. TRUE
10. TRUE
11. FALSE
12. NOT GIVEN
13. FALSE
14. A
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. E
19. F
20. interactions
21. modification
22. homogenization
23. fast food chains
24. extinction
25. preservation
26. dissemination
27. B
28. B
29. A
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. ix
34. vi
35. v
36. iii
37. iv
38. ii
39. viii
40. i
